Introduction of natural energy and electric vehicles have been extensively progressed in order to reduce carbon dioxide emission from our human society. The emission of carbon dioxide leads to grovel warming. The electric energy without carbon dioxide emission should be produced from natural energy and utilized in vehicles. Therefore, a smart grid and electric vehicle are very important applications. In both applications, rechargeable batteries play an important role. So far, lithium ion battery has been applied to such applications. However, lithium ion battery may not be enough performances. In order to realize high performance of rechargeable batteries, new next generation batteries have been developed, extensively.